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| Case Study - Philippines Metagora Pilot Project CHAPTER 1: CONCEPTUALISATION OF THE PROJECT (page 2)
1.2 THE RIGHTS-BASED CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
No cause is more worthy than the cause of human rights. Human rights are more than legal concepts: they are the essence of man. They are what make man human. That is why they are called human rights: deny them and you deny man’s humanity.
Jose W. Diokno
1.2.1 Introduction
Large areas of the earth’s surface are inhabited by indigenous peoples. At a rough estimate, they comprise 300 million people spread across the world from the Arctic to the South Pacific. Indigenous or aboriginal peoples are so called because they were living on their lands before settlers came from elsewhere. They are the descendants of those who inhabited a country or a geographic region at the time when peoples of different cultures or ethnic origins arrived--the new arrivals later becoming dominant through conquest, occupation, settlement or other means.
In the Philippines, there are 110 ethno-linguistic groups or tribes representing some 11,778,190 people (as of 1996) or 17% of the total population. There are seven ethno-linguistic regions as follows:
| LIST OF INDIGENOUS PEOPLES (IPs) IN THE PHILIPPINES |
SOURCES: ECIP, NCCP-PACT, ONCC, OSCC, OMA, DENR. The list was
consolidated from Anthropological Surveys and CADC applications. This list
needs to be validated in future censuses using self-ascription as the basis. |
| Ethno-linguistic Group | Location of Domains |
| CORDILLERA & REGION I |
| Bontoc | Mountain Province
| | Balangao | Mountain Province |
| Isneg | Kalinga, Apayao |
| Tinngian | Abra, Kalinga, Apayao |
| Kankana-ey | Benguet, Mountain Province,
Baguio |
| Kalanguya | Benguet, Ifugao |
| Karao | Benguet |
| Ibaloi | Benguet |
| Ayangan | Ifugao |
| Ifugao | Ifugao |
| Tuwali | Ifugao |
| Kalinga | Kalinga |
| Apayao | Kalinga, Apayao |
| Bago | La Union, Ilocos Sur,
Ilocos Norte, Pangasinan |
| REGION II, CARABALLO MOUNTAINS |
| Agta | Cagayan, Quirino, Isabela |
| Kalanguya | Nueva Vizcaya |
| Bugkalot | Nueva Vizcaya, Quirino |
| Isinai | Nueva Vizcaya |
| Gaddang | Nueva Vizcaya, Isabela |
| Aggay | Cagayan |
| Dumagat | Isabela, Cagayan |
| Ibanag | Cagayan |
| Itawis | Cagayan |
| Ivatan | Batanes |
| REST OF LUZON/SIERRA MADRE MOUNTAINS |
| Aeta, Negrito, Baluga, Pugot | Zambales, Bataan, Pampanga,
Tarlac |
| Abelling | Tarlac |
| Agta | Aurora, Palayan City,
Camarines Sur |
| Dumagat | Quezon, Rizal, Aurora, Dumagat |
| Remontado | Rizal, Laguna, Quezon |
| Bugkalot | Aurora |
| Cimaron | Camarines Sur |
| Kabihug | Camarines Norte |
| Tabangnon | Sorsogon |
| Abiyan (Aeta) | Camarines Norte / Sur |
| Isarog | Camarines Norte |
| Itom | Albay |
| Pullon | Masbate |
| ISLAND GROUPS |
| Agutaynon | Palawan |
| Tagbanua | Palawan |
| Dagayanen | Palawan |
| Tao’t Bato | Palawan |
| Batak | Palawan |
| Palawanon | Palawan |
| Molbog | Palawan |
| Iraya Mangyan | Mindoro Occidental/Oriental |
| Hanunuo Mangyan | Mindoro Occidental/Oriental |
| Alangan Mangyan | Mindoro Oriental |
| Buhid Mangyan | Mindoro Occidental/Oriental |
| Tadyawan Mangyan | Mindoro Occidental/Oriental |
| Batangan Mangyan | Mindoro Occidental |
| Gubatnon Mangyan | Mindoro Occidental |
| Ratagnon Mangyan | Mindoro Occidental |
| Ati | Romblon |
| Cuyunon | Romblon |
| Ati | Iloilo, Antique, Negros Occidental, Capiz, Aklan |
| Sulod/Bukidnon | Iloilo, Capiz, Antique, Aklan |
| Magahat | Negros Occidental |
| Korolanos | Negros Oriental |
| Ata | Negros Oriental |
| Bukidnon | Negros Oriental |
| Escaya | Bohol |
| Badjao | Cebu, Bohol |
| Kongking | Leyte, Samar |
| SOUTHERN & EASTERN MINDANAO |
| Manobo | Agusan del Norte / del Sur |
| Mandaya | Davao Oriental |
| Mansaka | Davao del Norte |
| Dibabawon | Davao del Norte |
| Banwaon | Agusan del Sur |
| Bagobo | Davao del Sur, Davao City |
| Ubo Manobo | Davao del Sur, Davao City |
| Tagakaolo | Davao del Sur |
| Talaingod, Langilaan | Davao del Norte, Davao City |
| Mamanwa | Surigao del Norte
| | Higaonon | Agusan del Norte / del Sur |
| B’laan | Davao del Sur, Saranggani,
South Cotabato |
| T’boli | South Cotabato |
| Kalagan | Davao del Sur |
| Tagabawa | Davao City |
| Manobo B’lit | South Cotabato |
| Matigsalog | Davao City, Davao del Sur /
Davao del Norte |
| Tigwahanon | Agusan del Norte / del Sur |
| Sangil | South Cotabato, Saranggani |
| CENTRAL MINDANAO |
| Aromanon | North Cotabato |
| Tiruray | Sultan Kudarat, Maguindanao,
Cotabato City |
| Bagobo | North Cotabato |
| Ubo Manobo | North Cotabato |
| Higaonon | Lanao del Sur, Iligan City |
| Subanen | Lanao del Norte |
| Maguindanao | Maguindanao |
| Maranao | Lanao del Norte / del Sur |
| Iranon | Maguindanao, Lanao del Sur |
| Karintik | North Cotabato |
| B’laan | North Cotabato, Sultan Kudarat,
Maguindanao |
| Lambangian | Sultan Kudarat |
| Dulangan | Sultan Kudarat |
| NORTHERN & WESTERN MINDANAO |
| Subanen | Zamboanga del Sur,
Zamboanga del Norte,
Misamis Occidental/Oriental,
Zamboanga City |
| Talaandig | Bukidnon |
| Higaonon | Bukidnon, Misamis Oriental,
Misamis Occidental |
| Matigsalog | Bukidnon |
| Umayamnon | Bukidnon |
| Manobo | Bukidnon |
| Kamigin | Camiguin |
| Yakan | Basilan |
| Sama | Tawi-tawi |
| Badjao/Sama Laut | Tawi-tawi, Basilan,
Sulu Archipelago |
| Kalibugan | Zamboanga del Sur / del Norte |
| Jama Mapon | Sulu Archipelago |
In the United Nations and International Labour Organisation, the establishment and protection of the rights of indigenous peoples are an essential part of human rights and a legitimate concern of the international community.
The Philippine Constitution of 1987 states, under Section 22, Article II, the state principle on indigenous peoples, to wit: "Section 22. The State recognises and promotes the rights of indigenous cultural communities within the framework of national unity and development."
Article XIV, Section 17 of same Constitution provides that “the State shall recognise, respect, and protect the rights of indigenous cultural communities to preserve and develop their cultures, traditions and institutions. It shall consider these rights in the formulation of national plans and policies.” The Constitution also recognises the special nature of the relationship of indigenous peoples to their ancestral domains.
Congress may intervene to formally recognise the existence of these resources as provided for under Section 5 of Article XII of the Constitution: “The State, subject to the provisions of this Constitution and national development policies and programmes, shall protect the rights of indigenous cultural communities to their ancestral lands to ensure their economic, social and cultural well-being. The Congress may provide for the applicability of customary laws governing property rights or relations in determining the ownership and extent of ancestral domain.”
The rights of indigenous cultural communities are especially expanded under Republic Act No. 8371, or the Indigenous Peoples’ Rights Act (IPRA), which was signed into law on 29 October 1997 and took effect on 22 November 1997. Its Implementing Rules and Regulations were approved on 9 June 1998 and became effective 15 days after its publication.
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